Introduction

With the widespread use of social media platforms and digital channels, individuals and companies have become daily creators and publishers of online content. Despite the ease and speed of electronic publishing, many remain unaware that certain posts or comments may give rise to legal liability.

In the United Arab Emirates, digital content is governed by a strict legal framework designed to protect individuals and entities from defamation, misinformation, and violations of legal rights. This article examines the concept of legal liability for digital content in the UAE, identifies content that may trigger legal accountability, clarifies the boundaries of lawful online publishing, and outlines practical measures to avoid legal violations.

 

What Is Legal Liability for Digital Content?

Legal liability for digital content refers to the legal consequences borne by an individual or entity as a result of content published electronically, whether through social media platforms, websites, or other digital media.
Such liability arises when the published content includes defamation, misleading information, infringement of rights, or any breach of UAE laws, potentially exposing the publisher to civil or criminal accountability.

 

Types of Digital Content That May Result in Legal Accountability

1. Defamation and Harm to Reputation

Publishing statements, opinions, or allegations that harm the reputation of a person or organization without substantiated legal evidence constitutes a legal offense under UAE law, even if shared through personal accounts or framed as personal opinion.

2. Violation of Privacy

Sharing images, videos, or personal data of others without their explicit consent is considered a breach of privacy and may lead to legal liability, regardless of intent or absence of malicious purpose.

3. False or Misleading Content

Disseminating inaccurate information or false news that negatively impacts individuals or businesses, or causes material or moral damage, is a punishable legal violation.

4. Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights

Using or distributing copyrighted material—such as images, videos, written content, or designs—without authorization from the rights holder exposes the publisher to legal consequences under UAE intellectual property laws.

 

Corporate Legal Liability for Digital Content

Companies operating in the UAE bear legal responsibility for digital content published through:

• Official corporate websites
• Corporate social media accounts
• Online advertisements and digital marketing campaigns
• Content published by employees when acting on behalf of, or representing, the company

This liability is heightened where the content causes harm to third parties or violates applicable UAE regulations.

 

How to Protect Yourself Legally When Publishing Online

To mitigate legal risks associated with digital publishing, individuals and businesses are advised to:

• Verify the accuracy of information prior to publication
• Avoid offensive language or commentary on sensitive matters
• Respect intellectual property and copyright laws
• Obtain prior consent before publishing content involving third parties
• Implement clear internal policies for digital content management

 

When Is Legal Consultation Necessary?

Seeking professional legal advice is recommended in the following situations:

• Receipt of legal threats or complaints related to published content
• Planning or launching large-scale digital or social media campaigns
• Managing commercial accounts with a substantial audience
• Uncertainty regarding the legality or compliance of specific content

 

Conclusion

Digital content is no longer merely a tool for expression; it is a regulated activity that carries legal obligations. A thorough understanding of the legal framework governing online publishing in the UAE enables individuals and companies to minimize legal risks and establish a responsible, compliant, and secure digital presence that upholds the rule of law and protects rights.

Introduction

As the United Arab Emirates continues to advance its digital infrastructure, online platforms have become an essential part of daily life for individuals, businesses, and government entities. This rapid digital transformation has brought countless opportunities, but it has also introduced new challenges related to cybersecurity and data protection.

To address these risks, the UAE enacted a comprehensive Cybercrime Law designed to regulate online conduct and protect society from the misuse of technology.

 

1. Understanding Cybercrime in the UAE

Cybercrime refers to any unlawful activity committed using digital devices, networks, or online platforms. Due to its potential impact on individuals, businesses, and the national economy, the UAE has adopted a strict legal framework to combat such offenses.

Cybercrimes include unauthorized access to systems, online extortion, identity theft, data manipulation, and the spread of false information, among others.

2. Major Cybercrimes and Penalties Under UAE Law

1. Unauthorized Access or Hacking

Accessing someone’s computer system, network, or personal data without permission is considered a serious offense. This includes copying, modifying, deleting, or disclosing confidential data.

Penalty: Offenders may face imprisonment and substantial fines, particularly if the breach impacts critical systems or causes significant harm.

2. Online Extortion and Blackmail

This involves threatening to publish private information, photographs, or communications to force a person to pay money or provide a benefit.

Penalty: Strict penalties apply, including imprisonment and heavy fines—especially when the victim is a minor, a woman, or a government entity.

3. Fraud and Financial Cyber Offences

Examples include phishing websites, fraudulent emails, fake online stores, or the unauthorized use of bank cards.

Penalty: Offenders may face long-term imprisonment and major financial penalties, depending on the amount of money involved and the scale of the fraud.

4. Spreading False Information or Rumors

Publishing or sharing inaccurate news that could harm public order, national security, economic stability, or the reputation of individuals and businesses is a punishable crime.

Penalty: Imprisonment and fines that may reach hundreds of thousands of dirhams.

5. Invasion of Privacy

This includes taking photos or videos of someone without their consent, sharing private conversations, recording calls without permission, or posting personal data online.

Penalty: One of the most severely punished offenses, resulting in imprisonment, fines, and possible deportation for non-UAE nationals.

6. Online Identity Theft

Using a fake profile or accessing someone else’s account to impersonate them for personal gain or to cause harm is a criminal act.

Penalty: Imprisonment and hefty fines, especially if impersonation leads to financial or reputational damage.

7. Online Exploitation of Children

The UAE takes a particularly strong stance on any form of online child exploitation, including inappropriate communication, grooming, or sharing illegal content involving minors.

Penalty: Severe imprisonment terms and high fines, coupled with strict additional measures such as deportation.

3. Why the UAE Enforces Strict Cybercrime Penalties

The UAE regularly updates its laws to keep pace with technological advancements and protect the digital ecosystem. Strong enforcement serves several goals:

• Safeguarding national security and economic stability
• Promoting trust in online government and financial services
• Reducing the risks of extortion, fraud, and identity theft
• Ensuring individuals feel safe using digital platforms
• Supporting the country’s vision of a secure and advanced digital society

Given that much of the UAE’s public services, education, and commerce operate online, strong cybersecurity regulations are essential.

4. How to Protect Yourself and Your Business

At Eagle Group, we recommend the following practices to reduce exposure to cyber risks:

• Use strong, unique passwords and update them regularly.
• Enable two-factor authentication for all important accounts.
• Avoid opening suspicious links or attachments from unknown sources.
• Keep operating systems and software updated.
• Do not share sensitive data publicly or through unsecured channels.
• Use reliable antivirus and security software.
• Immediately consult a legal professional when facing online threats or breaches.

Conclusion

The UAE Cybercrime Law reflects the country’s ongoing commitment to protecting its residents and institutions from the increasing dangers of the digital age. As technology becomes more integrated into daily life, understanding the law is essential for maintaining safety and avoiding legal consequences.

At Eagle Group, we strive to provide clear legal insights that help individuals and businesses navigate the digital environment confidently. Staying informed and compliant not only protects your personal data and reputation but also supports a safer and more secure online community for all.

Introduction

The UAE judicial system is structured to ensure justice, transparency, and the protection of rights. One of the key features of this system is the availability of multiple levels of litigation, allowing parties to appeal judgments and verify their legal soundness. The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal are two fundamental stages within this structure. This article clarifies the differences between them regarding jurisdiction, judgment nature, and procedural role

 

1. Court of First Instance

Definition

The Court of First Instance is the primary judicial authority where legal disputes are filed and examined for the first time.

Jurisdiction

It handles:

• Civil and commercial cases
• Labor disputes
• Personal status cases
• Criminal cases within specific legal limits
• Urgent or provisional orders

Judgment Nature

Judgments issued by this court are not final and may be appealed before the Court of Appeal.

 

2. Court of Appeal

Definition

The Court of Appeal constitutes the second level of litigation and reviews appeals filed against decisions of the Court of First Instance.

Jurisdiction

• Re-examines the case both legally and factually
• Reviews evidence, pleadings, and• procedural steps
• May uphold, amend, or overturn the original judgment

Judgment Nature

Judgments issued are generally final, except when specific legal grounds allow them to be taken to the Court of Cassation.

 

Comparison Table

Court of Appeal	Court of First Instance	Criteria
Second	First	Litigation Level
Review and re-evaluation	Initial examination	Case Examination
Final, subject to limited further appeal	Appealable	Judgment Status
Legal and procedural validity	Original facts and evidence	Scope of Review

 

Conclusion

Understanding the difference between the Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal provides clarity on litigation procedures and helps individuals make informed legal decisions. Seeking legal advice early in a dispute is essential to ensure a strong position and avoid procedural errors.

For legal consultation or court representation, please contact us.

Your Complete Legal Guide to Appeals and Cassation

 

Introduction

The appeal process in the United Arab Emirates is one of the most important safeguards in the justice system. It gives parties the right to challenge court judgments and request a review before a higher court.

This ensures that justice is served by correcting any potential legal or factual errors made during the initial trial.

 

1. What Is an Appeal?

An appeal is a legal procedure that allows a party to contest a court judgment if they believe the court misapplied the law or overlooked key evidence.

It provides an opportunity for fair reconsideration of the case to ensure that the judgment is legally sound and just.

 

2. Types of Appeals in the UAE

• Appeal (Istinaf)

Filed before the Court of Appeal against judgments issued by lower courts.

Both facts and legal issues can be reconsidered.

Must be filed within 30 days from the date of judgment, unless otherwise specified.

 

• Cassation (Tamyeez)

Filed before the Court of Cassation, the highest court in the UAE.

Focuses only on legal errors, not factual ones.

Used to ensure correct interpretation and application of the law.

 

• Reconsideration (I’adat Nazar)

A special type of appeal applicable in exceptional cases, such as the discovery of new evidence or proof of fraud

 

3. Step-by-Step Appeal Process

Review the judgment with a legal expert to assess the validity of the appeal.

Draft a detailed memorandum outlining the facts and legal grounds.

File the appeal before the competent court within the legal time limit.

Attend hearings and present supporting documents and legal arguments.

Receive the final ruling, which may confirm, modify, or overturn the previous judgment.

 

4. The Role of Lawyers in Appeal Cases

An experienced appeal lawyer plays a crucial role by:

Analyzing judgments to identify legal or procedural errors.

Preparing persuasive appeal submissions.

Representing clients before higher courts.

Advising on settlement options or further legal remedies.

 

5. Key Legal Tips Before Filing an Appeal

Always consult a qualified appeal attorney before proceeding.

Adhere strictly to the deadlines for submitting appeals.

Ensure your appeal is supported by strong legal grounds and evidence.

Keep copies of all case-related documents and correspondences.

Introduction:

Cheque cases are one of the most common cases before the courts in the UAE, due to the use of the cheque as a means of fulfillment and security in commercial and personal transactions. Although the check is considered a commercial paper that obligates the drawer to pay its value to the beneficiary, many cases of non-payment or issuance of bad checks make these cases of great importance.

First things first: What are check cases?

These are cases arising from a person issuing a check without a sufficient balance in the bank, issuing instructions that prevent the check from being cashed, or tampering with its data, resulting in the bank’s refusal to cash the check.

II: Legal Basis for Check Cases in the UAE

The UAE Commercial Transactions Law regulates the provisions of the check, stating that it is an instrument of fulfillment in the same way as money. The Penal Code also establishes penalties for issuing a bad check, withdrawing the balance after issuing the check, or closing the account, as this harms the beneficiary and confidence in commercial transactions.

III: Penalties for check cases

– Financial penalties that vary depending on the value of the check.
– Imprisonment in some cases.
– Prohibited from engaging in certain commercial activities.
Modern laws have also made it possible to reconcile cheque crimes in exchange for payment or amicable settlement of the dispute.

IV: What to do when faced with a bounced check?

If you get a bounced check in the UAE, you can do the following steps:
1- Go to the bank and get a protest note (statement of non-payment).
(2) File a criminal complaint with the police or public prosecution.
3- File a civil suit to claim the value of the check and compensation.
4- Hiring a specialized lawyer to follow up on the case.

V: How does our law firm support you?

In our office, we provide specialized legal consultations in check cases, and we represent clients before the courts and competent authorities, and help them collect their rights, whether amicably or judicially, with careful follow-up of all stages of the case until full recovery of rights.

Introduction

The UAE’s real estate market is one of the most dynamic in the Gulf region, attracting both investors and residents thanks to its advanced infrastructure and promising investment opportunities. However, despite strict government oversight and regulation, some individuals still fall victim to real estate fraud due to lack of awareness or dealing with unlicensed entities.

In this article, we present a practical guide on how to protect yourself from real estate fraud in the UAE, including legal and practical tips for buyers, tenants, and investors.

1. What is Real Estate Fraud?

Real estate fraud refers to any illegal or deceptive practice aimed at unlawfully seizing money or property from individuals. It often involves forged documents, selling properties that are not owned by the seller, or collecting payments without delivering any genuine value.

Common examples include:

• Selling the same unit to multiple buyers.
• Manipulating property layouts or measurements.
• Offering fake or unregistered contracts.
• Unlicensed developers are promoting non-existent projects. 

2. Regulatory Authorities for Real Estate in the UAE

To protect and regulate the market, the UAE has established several regulatory bodies, including:

• Dubai Land Department (DLD)
• Abu Dhabi Municipality – Land and Property Sector
• Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security
• Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA) 

Always ensure that any transaction is conducted through an entity licensed by one of these authorities.

3. Warning Signs of Real Estate Scams

• Offers significantly below the market price.
• Pressure to make a quick decision (“Limited-time opportunity”).
• Requesting advance payments before signing official contracts.
• No clear company address or trade license.
• Contracts that are not registered or approved by official authorities. 

4. Steps to Protect Yourself from Real Estate Fraud

1. Verify the Real Estate Company’s License

Use official platforms such as the Dubai Land Department website to check the license of the broker or developer.

2. Request the Property Registration Number (Oqood Number)

This number ensures the property is officially registered and approved by relevant authorities.

3. Hire a Real Estate Lawyer

A specialized lawyer can review contracts, check legal aspects, and ensure the transaction is legitimate.

4. Avoid Cash Payments or Transfers to Individuals

Ensure all payments are made through licensed company accounts and documented methods (cheques, official bank transfers).

5. Document and Register All Contracts

Any sales or rental contract must be registered with the relevant authority (e.g., RERA or DLD) to be legally enforceable.

5. What to Do If You Fall Victim to Real Estate Fraud

If you become a victim of real estate fraud in the UAE, act immediately:

1. Contact the local police and file an official report.
2. Approach the relevant real estate authority to lodge a complaint.
3. Hire a lawyer to file a case in court.
4. Gather all evidence such as contracts, communications, receipts, and broker details. 

6. Additional Tips for Real Estate Investors in the UAE

• Do not rely solely on pictures or models—visit the project site in person.
• Verify delivery dates and credibility of project timelines.
• Check the developer’s reputation and track record.
• Avoid dealing with unlicensed or unregistered brokers. 

7. How UAE Law Protects You

The UAE has implemented strict regulations to protect consumers and investors in the real estate sector, including:

• Laws governing the relationship between developers and buyers.
• Cybercrime laws to prevent forgery and fraud.
• Buyer rights to withdraw from a purchase within a specific period.
• Severe penalties for unlicensed companies and fake brokers.

 

8. A Quick Guide to Buying Property Safely in the UAE

Step	Action
1	Choose a licensed broker or developer.
2	Verify the license on the official real estate authority website.
3	Visit the property or project site.
4	Confirm property details including size, price, and delivery date.
5	Review the contract with a real estate lawyer.
6	Sign only after official documentation.
7	Register the property with the relevant authority.

Family disputes such as divorce, alimony, and child custody have become increasingly common in Dubai due to evolving social and economic dynamics. At Eagle Legal Consultancy, we understand how sensitive and life-changing these matters can be, and we’re here to offer you a clear, legal perspective on your rights and obligations under UAE Personal Status Law.

1. Divorce in Dubai – How Does It Work?

Divorce in Dubai can happen mutually or through a court case if there is a conflict. Both UAE nationals and expatriates can file for divorce, and they may choose to apply UAE law or their home country’s law, depending on their circumstances and the court’s decision.

Divorce Procedure in Dubai:

1. File a request at the Family Guidance Section at Dubai Courts.
2. Attend reconciliation sessions with a family counselor.
3. If reconciliation fails, the case proceeds to court.
4. The judge reviews evidence and issues a ruling.

When Can a Wife File for Divorce?

• In cases of emotional or physical harm.
• If the husband fails to provide financial support.
• If there’s prolonged absence or desertion.
• In cases of addiction or abuse.

2. Alimony in UAE – What Are Your Rights?

Alimony (Nafaqa) refers to the financial support a husband must provide to his wife and children. This includes:

• Wife’s alimony: housing, food, clothing, medical expenses.
• Children’s alimony: education, health care, and daily needs.

The court may order temporary alimony during the divorce proceedings, and this amount may later be adjusted depending on changes in financial status.

3. Child Custody in Dubai – Who Gets Custody?

In the UAE, custody is generally awarded to the mother, while the father remains the legal guardian. The goal is always to prioritize the child’s best interests.

Child Custody Rules in Dubai:

• Mothers usually retain custody until:
  • Age 11 for girls.
  • Age 13 for boys.
• After these ages, the father can request custody if he proves it’s in the child’s best interest.

When Can Custody Be Revoked?

• If the custodian remarries (especially if it’s the mother).
• Neglect or failure to meet the child’s basic needs.
• Any environment that poses harm to the child.

4. Why Choose Eagle Legal Consultancy?

At Eagle Legal Consultancy, our experienced divorce and family law lawyers in Dubai are here to support you through:

• Personalized legal consultations.
• Peaceful dispute resolution and mediation.
• Legal representation in court.
• Enforcement of alimony and custody rulings.

Whether you’re protecting your rights or your children’s future, you deserve expert support tailored to your situation.

What is cyberbullying?

Cyber harassment or online abuse includes a range of actions such as threats, defamation, sharing personal photos or information without consent, blackmail, or cyberbullying. These actions can lead to anxiety, depression, and, in severe cases, suicide or psychological disorders.

Legal Framework in the UAE

1. Federal Law No. 34 of 2021 – Combating Cybercrime and Rumors

• Criminalizes Spreading rumors and gossip (Article 52), punishable by up to two years’ imprisonment and a fine of not less than 100,000AED.
• Cyber threats (Article 42), punishable by up to two years in prison and fines of 250,000-500,000  Dirhams, up to 10 years if the threat is accompanied by a request.
• Online defamation (Article 43): Imprisonment and fines 250,000-500,000 Dirham (gulfnews.com).
• Violation of privacy: Publishing photos or personal information without permission is punishable by up to6 months and fines of 150,000-500,000dirhams (uaelegislation.gov.ae).
• Posting obscene content or propaganda for pornography (Article 34): Penalties up to imprisonment and fines 250,000-500,000  Dirhams, and stricter for pediatric cases.

 

General penalties for cybercrime

The law also includes (lawyersuae.com):

Type of Cybercrime	Punishment
Harassment/Cyberbullying	Up to 500,000 fineDirhams and up to 3 years imprisonment
Hacking	6 months to 10 years imprisonment + fines (150,000-750,000Dahm)
Electronic Financial Fraud	Up to 1,000,000 fineDirhams + up to 10 years imprisonment

 

How are penalties and reporting methods used?

• Devices and software used to commit the offense will be confiscated (lawyersuae.com, lawyersuae.com).
• Crimes are reported to the public prosecution and the police, who communicate through multiple channels:
• Applications “Hemayati”“My Safe Society “My Safe Society”platform eCrime – Dubai/Abu Dhabior contact999/Al Ameen/8004888/8002626/116111 (gulfnews.com).

 

What should you do if you are harassed?

According to the advice of lawyers and legal experts in the UAE:

1. Documentation of evidence: Save messages, photos, published content.
2. Familiarize yourself with the laws: Such as arrests and fines to understand your rights.
3. Using the blocking and reporting feature via the platform.
4. Limit the sharing of personal information.
5. Immediate reporting through official channels.
6. Hire a legal advisor if necessary.

Overtime hours in the UAE are an important topic for many employees across both the public and private sectors. With the increasing demands of work, many employers ask their staff to work beyond regular hours. This raises a crucial question: Are employees entitled to financial compensation or rest days in return? And what does the UAE labor law say about this?

In this article, we will explore everything you need to know about overtime hours in the UAE, including employees’ rights and the legal conditions for compensation, according to Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labor Relations.

What Are the Official Working Hours in the UAE?

According to UAE labor law, the maximum regular working hours are 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week. The Cabinet may issue resolutions to reduce working hours for certain industries or jobs with special conditions.

The law also states that employees are entitled to at least one hour of rest if they work more than five consecutive hours, and this break is not counted as part of the official working hours.

When Are Working Hours Considered “Overtime”?

Any hours worked beyond the official working hours are considered overtime, provided that they are performed at the request of the employer or with their explicit approval.

Overtime may also apply if an employee works on official rest days or public holidays, such as Fridays or Eid holidays.

Employee Rights for Overtime Hours in the UAE

Under the UAE labor law, an employee has the right to one of two forms of compensation for overtime:

1. Financial Compensation

If the employee works overtime, they are entitled to:

• A wage equal to their regular hourly wage + at least 25% extra.

• If overtime is performed between 10 PM and 4 AM, the employee receives their hourly wage + at least 50% extra.

Example: If an employee earns AED 20 per hour, then night overtime should be compensated at AED 30 per hour.

2. Rest Days in Lieu

Alternatively, the employer and employee can agree to grant paid rest days in exchange for overtime hours, provided that the rest is proportionate to the time and effort spent.

Working on Official Rest Days

If an employee works on their weekly rest day (e.g., Friday), the employer must:

• Grant them a substitute day off,

• OR pay their full-day wage plus 50% extra.

In case of work during public holidays, the employee is entitled to double the daily wage or a compensatory day off, based on mutual agreement.

Can Employers Force Overtime Without Consent?

As a rule, employers cannot force employees to work overtime without their consent, unless there are emergency situations that involve potential risk to lives, property, or operations.

Moreover, daily overtime must not exceed two hours unless absolutely necessary, and proper documentation is required to justify the need.

Categories Exempted from Overtime Compensation

Certain job categories are exempt from overtime pay under the law, such as:

• Executive and senior management roles with administrative authority.

• Jobs classified as “special nature” by the Ministry of Human Resources.

Nevertheless, fair compensation terms can be included in employment contracts for such positions by mutual agreement.

How Is Overtime Pay Calculated?

To calculate overtime pay, use the following formula:

Overtime Pay = Basic Salary ÷ Working Hours × Overtime Hours × 1.25 (or 1.5 for night overtime)

Example:

• Monthly salary: AED 6,000

• Weekly working hours: 48

• Hourly wage: 6,000 ÷ (4 × 48) = AED 31.25

• If the employee works 3 night overtime hours:
  Pay = 31.25 × 3 × 1.5 = AED 140.6

Why Documenting Overtime Is Important

Legal experts recommend employees in the UAE to:

• Document all overtime hours via email or official systems.

• Obtain clear approval from a supervisor or HR.

• Keep records or screenshots of clock-in and clock-out times.

This documentation is essential if disputes arise or if legal claims need to be submitted.

 

How Eagle Legal Consultancy Supports Employee Rights

At Eagle Legal Consultancy, we help both employees and employers understand their rights and obligations under UAE labor law. Whether you’re an employee who has not received your rightful compensation for overtime, or an employer looking to implement lawful working systems, our legal team is ready to support you.